The three main Jiao (systems of teachings and beliefs) in Chinese tradition are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, which are called the "three religions." However, Chinese scholars generally consider Confucianism, the School of Daoism (Dao Jia), and the School of Buddhism (Fu Jia ) to be philosophies, whereas Daojiao (Jiao of Daoism) and Fujiao (Jiao of Buddhism) are considered to be religions. In the West, all are regarded as either religions or philosophies or both.

In regard to Chinese science, traditional Chinese scientific discoveries should not be measured by the standards of modern Western science. By doing so, one risks missing many of the real merits in non-Western cultures. One example is that the holistic view and the harmony of the yin-yang (shade and sunshine) concept of the human body and soul in Chinese medicine does not correlate directly with the standard Western (Greek)...